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Two fighters practicing Kung fu in Shaolin Temple

Shaolin Kung Fu (Chinese: 少林功夫; pinyin: Shǎolín gōngfū ), also called Shaolin Wushu (少林武術; Shǎolín wǔshù ), or Shaolin quan (少林拳; Shàolínquán ), is one of the oldest, largest, and virtually famous styles of wushu, or kung fu of Chan Buddhism. It combines Ch'an philosophy and martial arts and originated and was adult in the Shaolin temple in Henan province, Greater China during its 1500-year history. Popular sayings in Chinese folklore related to this practice include "All martial arts under heaven originated from Shaolin" and "Shaolin kung fu is the all-time nether heaven," indicating the influence of Shaolin kung fu amid martial arts. The name Shaolin is also used equally a brand for the then-called external styles of kung fu. Many styles in southern and northern Communist china use the name Shaolin.

History [edit]

Chinese martial arts earlier Shaolin [edit]

Chinese historical records, like Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue, the Bibliographies in the Volume of the Han Dynasty, the Records of the Grand Historian, and other sources document the existence of martial arts in China for thousands of years. For example, the Chinese martial art of wrestling, Shuai Jiao, predates the institution of Shaolin temple by several centuries.^[one] Since Chinese monasteries were big landed estates, sources of considerable regular income, monks required protection. Historical discoveries indicate that, fifty-fifty before the establishment of Shaolin temple, monks had artillery and also practiced martial arts.^[ii] In 1784 the Battle Archetype: Essential Battle Methods made the earliest extant reference to the Shaolin Monastery as Chinese boxing's identify of origin.^{[3] [4]} This is, however, a misconception,^{[5] [6]} only shows the historical importance of Shaolin kung fu.

Southern and Northern dynasties (420–589 Advertizement) [edit]

Shaolin temple established [edit]

Bodhidharma is traditionally credited as the transmitter of Chan Buddhism to China, and regarded every bit its first Chinese patriarch.^[7] According to Chinese legend, he also began the concrete training of the monks of Shaolin Monastery that led to the creation of Shaolin kung fu. In Japan, he is known every bit Daruma.

In 495 AD, Shaolin temple was built among the Vocal mountains in Henan province. The beginning monk who preached Buddhism at that place was the Indian monk named Buddhabhadra (佛陀跋陀罗; Fótuóbátuóluó ), merely called Batuo (跋陀) by the Chinese. There are historical records that Batuo'southward first Chinese disciples, Huiguang (慧光) and Sengchou (僧稠), both had exceptional martial skills. For example, Sengchou'due south skill with the can staff is even documented in the Chinese Buddhist catechism. Later Buddhabadra, the monk Bodhidharma (菩提达摩; Pútídámó ), described as either Primal Asian or South Asian (Indian)^[8] and simply called Damo (达摩) by the Chinese, came to Shaolin in 527 Advertizing. His Chinese disciple, Huike (慧可), was as well a highly trained martial arts practiced. There are hints that these first 3 Chinese Shaolin monks, Huiguang, Sengchou, and Huike, may have been war machine men before entering the monastic life.^[9]

Bodhidharma'south influence [edit]

Some popular historians^{[10] [11]} consider Bodhidharma, the first patriarch of Chinese Buddhism to have had a major influence on Shaolin Kung Fu.

The thought of Bodhidharma influencing Shaolin boxing is based on a qigong manual written during the 17th century. This is when a Taoist with the pen name 'Imperial Coagulation Homo of the Way' wrote the Sinews Changing Classic in 1624, but claimed to have discovered it. The first of two prefaces of the transmission traces this succession from Bodhidharma to the Chinese general Li Jing via "a chain of Buddhist saints and martial heroes."^{[12] : p165} The work itself is full of anachronistic mistakes and even includes a popular graphic symbol from Chinese fiction, the 'Qiuran Ke' ('Bushy Bearded Hero') ( 虬髯客 ), as a lineage master.^[xiii] Literati as far back as the Qing Dynasty accept taken annotation of these mistakes. The scholar Ling Tinkang (1757–1809) described the author every bit an "ignorant village principal."^{[12] : p168}

Sui and Tang dynasties (581–907 AD): Shaolin soldier monks [edit]

During the brusque period of the Sui dynasty (581–618), the edifice blocks of Shaolin kung fu took an official grade, and Shaolin monks began to create fighting systems of their own. The xviii methods of Luohan with a strong Buddhist flavour were practiced by Shaolin monks since this fourth dimension, which was later used to create more than avant-garde Shaolin martial arts. Shaolin monks had developed very powerful martial skills, and this showed itself towards the cease of the Sui dynasty.

Like well-nigh dynastic changes, the finish of the Sui Dynasty was a fourth dimension of upheaval and contention for the throne. The oldest evidence of Shaolin participation in combat is a stele from 728 that attests to two occasions: a defence of the monastery from bandits effectually 610 and their office in the defeat of Wang Shichong at the Battle of Hulao in 621. Wang Shichong declared himself Emperor. He controlled the territory of Zheng and the ancient upper-case letter of Luoyang. Overlooking Luoyang on Mountain Huanyuan was the Cypress Valley Estate, which had served as the site of a fort during the Jin and a commandery during the Southern Qi.^[fourteen] Sui Emperor Wen had bestowed the manor on a nearby monastery called Shaolin for its monks to farm simply Wang Shichong, realizing its strategic value, seized the estate and in that location placed troops and a indicate tower, as well as establishing a prefecture called Yuanzhou.^[14] Furthermore, he had assembled an army at Luoyang to march on the Shaolin Temple itself.

The monks of Shaolin centrolineal with Wang's enemy, Li Shimin, and took back the Cypress Valley Estate, defeating Wang'south troops and capturing his nephew Renze. Without the fort at Cypress Valley, there was nothing to proceed Li Shimin from marching on Luoyang after his defeat of Wang's ally Dou Jiande at the Battle of Hulao, forcing Wang Shichong to surrender. Li Shimin'south begetter was the first Tang Emperor and Shimin himself became its second. Thereafter Shaolin enjoyed the royal patronage of the Tang.

Though the Shaolin Monastery Stele of 728 attests to these incidents in 610 and 621 when the monks engaged in gainsay, it does non insinuate to martial training in the monastery, or to any fighting technique in which its monks specialized. Nor exercise any other sources from the Tang, Song and Yuan periods insinuate to military training at the temple. According to Meir Shahar, this is explained past a confluence of the late Ming mode for armed forces encyclopedias and, more importantly, the conscription of civilian irregulars, including monks, equally a result of Ming military decline in the 16th century.^[15] Stele and documentary evidence shows the monks historically worshiped the Bodhisattva Vajrapani's "Kimnara King" form as the progenitor of their staff and bare manus fighting styles.^[12]

Ming dynasty (1368–1644) [edit]

From the 8th to the 15th centuries, no extant source documents Shaolin participation in gainsay; then the 16th and 17th centuries see at to the lowest degree forty extant sources adjure that, not merely did monks of Shaolin practice martial arts, but martial practice had get such an integral element of Shaolin monastic life that the monks felt the need to justify it by creating new Buddhist lore.^[15] References to Shaolin martial arts appear in various literary genres of the late Ming: the epitaphs of Shaolin warrior monks, martial-arts manuals, war machine encyclopedias, historical writings, travelogues, fiction, and even verse.^[xv]

These sources, in contrast to those from the Tang Dynasty period, refer to Shaolin methods of combat unarmed, with the spear, and with the weapon that was the forte of the Shaolin monks and for which they had get famous, the staff.^{[3] [fifteen]} By the mid-16th century military experts from all over Ming China were travelling to Shaolin to study its fighting techniques.

Around 1560 Yú Dàyóu travelled to Shaolin Monastery to see for himself its monks' fighting techniques, but plant them disappointing. Yú returned to the southward with 2 monks, Zongqing and Pucong, whom he taught the utilize of the staff over the adjacent three years, afterwards which Zongqing and Pucong returned to Shaolin Monastery and taught their brother monks what they had learned. Martial arts historian Tang Hao traced the Shaolin staff style Five Tigers Interception to Yú'due south teachings.^{[ citation needed ]}

The earliest extant manual on Shaolin kung fu, the Exposition of the Original Shaolin Staff Method ^[16] was written in around 1610 and published in 1621 from what its author Chéng Zōngyóu learned during a more than ten-year stay at the monastery.

Conditions of lawlessness in Henan—where the Shaolin Monastery is located—and surrounding provinces during the late Ming Dynasty and all of the Qing Dynasty contributed to the development of martial arts. Meir Shahar lists the martial arts T'ai chi ch'uan, Chang Family Boxing, Bāguàquán, Xíngyìquán and Bajiquan as originating from this region and this time menstruation.^[xv]

Pirates [edit]

From the 1540s to the 1560s, pirates known every bit wokou raided Red china's eastern and southeastern coasts on an unprecedented scale.

The geographer Zheng Ruoceng provides the nigh detailed of the 16th-century sources which confirm that, in 1553, Wan Biao, Vice Commissioner in Master of the Nanjing Chief Military Commission, initiated the conscription of monks—including some from Shaolin—against the pirates.^[fifteen] Warrior monks participated in at least four battles: at the Gulf of Hangzhou in leap 1553 and in the Huangpu River delta at Wengjiagang in July 1553, Majiabang in leap 1554, and Taozhai in fall 1555.^[xv]

The monks suffered their greatest defeat at Taozhai, where four of them savage in battle; their remains were buried under the Stūpa of the Four Heroic Monks (Si yi seng ta) at Mount She near Shanghai.^[15]

The monks won their greatest victory at Wengjiagang.^[15] On 21 July 1553, 120 warrior monks led by the Shaolin monk Tianyuan defeated a group of pirates and chased the survivors over ten days and 20 miles.^[fifteen] The pirates suffered over 1 hundred casualties and the monks only four.^[15]

Not all of the monks who fought at Wengjiagang were from Shaolin, and rivalries developed among them. Zheng chronicles Tianyuan's defeat of eight rival monks from Hangzhou who challenged his command. Zheng ranked Shaolin first of the height three Buddhist centers of martial arts.^[xv] Zheng ranked Funiu in Henan 2nd and Mount Wutai in Shanxi third. The Funiu monks practiced staff techniques which they had learned at the Shaolin Monastery. The Wutai monks proficient Yang Family Spear (楊家槍; pinyin: Yángjiā qiāng).

Contents [edit]

Shaolin monks demonstrate kung fu.

Shaolin temple has two main legacies: Chan (禅), which refers to Chan Buddhism, the religion of Shaolin, and Quan (拳), which refers to the martial arts of Shaolin. In Shaolin, these are not split up disciplines and monks have always pursued the philosophy of the unification of Chan and Quan (禅拳合一; chan quan he yi ). In a deeper signal of view, Quan is considered function of Chan. Every bit late Shaolin monk Suxi said in the last moments of his life, "Shaolin is Chan, not Quan."

On the Quan (martial) side, the contents are arable. A usual classification of contents are:

1. Basic skills (基本功; jīběn gōng ): These include stamina, flexibility, and balance, which improve the body abilities in doing martial maneuvers. In Shaolin kung fu, flexibility and residue skills are known as "kittenish skill" (童子功; tóngzǐ gōng ), which take been classified into eighteen postures.
2. Power skills (气功; qìgōng ): These include:
   • Qigong meditation: Qigong meditation itself has ii types, internal (内; nèi ), which is stationary meditation, and external (外; wài ), which is dynamic meditation methods similar Shaolin four-function practice ( si duan gong ), eight-section brocade (八段锦; bā duàn jǐn ), Shaolin muscle-changing scripture (易筋经; yì jīn jīng ), and others.
   • The 72 arts: These Include 36 soft and 36 hard exercises, which are known as soft and hard qigong.
3. Combat skills (拳法; quánfǎ , "skills"): These include diverse barehanded, weapon, and barehanded vs. weapon routines (styles) and their combat (散打; sàndǎ ) methods.

Styles [edit]

Shaolin styles consist of many different animal forms and techniques. From tiger's claw to Golden Snake, near all animals are studied and skillful throughout the Kung fu world. Admitting Shaolin might very well be the most effective you have so many styles of Kung fu. Wing Chun is widely popular partly due to the Chinese made and produced hit movie series IP Man. Named for Bruce Lee'southward kickoff teacher of Wing Chun (Yip Man) the nigh famous practitioner of the art.

Like the usual system of Chinese martial arts, Shaolin gainsay methods are taught via forms (套路; tàolù ). Forms that are technically closely related are coupled together and are considered of the same sub-style. These are unremarkably called the pocket-size and the big forms, like the small and big hong quan, which birthday make the Shaolin hong quan way, and the small and big pao quan, etc. There are likewise some styles with i course, similar taizu chang quan. Indeed, these styles are not complete or stand up-alone, this is just a nomenclature of different forms of Shaolin kung fu based on their technical contents.

Shaolin kung fu has more than hundreds of extant styles. There is recorded documentation of more than a g extant forms, which makes Shaolin the biggest school of martial art in the world. In the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), Shaolin monks chose 100 of the best styles of Shaolin kung fu. Then they shortlisted the 18 most famous of them. However, every lineage of Shaolin monks have always chosen their own styles. Every fashion teaches unique methods for fighting (散打; sàndǎ ) and keeping health via one or a few forms. To learn a complete system, Shaolin monks chief a number of styles and weapons. The most famous styles of Shaolin kung fu are:

List of known styles [edit]

• Arhat's eighteen hands (罗汉十八手; luóhàn shíbā shǒu ): known as the oldest fashion.
• Flood style (洪拳; hóngquán ): with the small form (小洪拳; xiǎo hóngquán ) known equally the son of the styles, and the big form (大洪拳; dà hóngquán ) known as the mother of the styles,
• Explosive style (炮拳; pàoquán ): known as the rex of the styles,
• Penetrating-Arms manner (通臂拳; tōngbìquán ),
• seven-star & Long Baby-sit the Heart and Mind Gate mode (七星 & 长护心意门拳; qī xīng & cháng hù xīn yì mén quán ),
• Plum Blossom way (梅花拳; méihuāquán ),
• Facing & Bright Sun way (朝&昭 阳拳; cháo & zhāo yáng quán ),
• Arhat mode (罗汉拳; luóhànquán ): known as the most representative fashion,
• Vajrapani style (金刚拳; jīn'gāngquán ),
• Emperor'due south Long-range fashion (太祖长拳; tàizǔ chángquán ): known equally the most graceful style,
• 6-Match manner (六合拳; liùhéquán ),
• Soft mode (柔拳; róuquán ),
• Mind style (心意拳; xīnyìquán )
• Imitative styles (象形拳; xiàngxíngquán ) (including Dragon, Tiger, Leopard, Hawkeye, Monkey, Mantis, etc.),
• Drunken style (醉拳; zuìquán ),

and many other styles.

Internal and external kung fu [edit]

Huang Zongxi described martial arts in terms of Shaolin or "external" arts versus Wudang or internal arts in 1669.^[17] It has been since and so that Shaolin has been popularly synonymous for what are considered the external Chinese martial arts, regardless of whether or not the particular style in question has whatsoever connection to the Shaolin Monastery. Some say that there is no differentiation betwixt the then-called internal and external systems of the Chinese martial arts,^{[five] [18]} while other well-known teachers concur the opinion that they are different. For example, the Taijiquan teacher Wu Jianquan:

Those who do Shaolinquan leap about with strength and force; people not proficient at this kind of training soon lose their breath and are exhausted. Taijiquan is different this. Strive for quiescence of body, mind and intention.^[19]

Influence on other martial arts [edit]

Some lineages of karate have oral traditions that merits Shaolin origins.^[20] Martial arts traditions in Japan, Korea, Sri Lanka and certain Southeast Asian countries cite Chinese influence every bit transmitted by Buddhist monks.^{[21] [22]}

Recent developments in the 20th century such equally Shorinji Kempo ( 少林寺拳法 ) practised in Japan's Sohonzan Shorinji ( 金剛禅総本山少林寺 ) still maintains shut ties with People's republic of china'due south Vocal Shan Shaolin Temple due to historic links.^[23] Japanese Shorinji Kempo Group received recognition in Red china in 2003 for their financial contributions to the maintenance of the historic edifice of the Vocal Shan Shaolin Temple.^[24]

References [edit]

1. ^ Canzonieri, Salvatore. "The Emergence of the Chinese Martial arts". Han Wei Wushu (23).
2. ^ Henning, Stanley (1999b). "Martial arts Myths of Shaolin Monastery, Part I: The Giant with the Flaming Staff". Periodical of the Chenstyle Taijiquan Research Clan of Hawaii. 5 (one).
3. ^ ^{a b} Henning, Stanley E. (Fall 1999). "Academia Encounters the Chinese Martial arts". China Review International. 6 (two): 319–332. doi:10.1353/cri.1999.0020. ISSN 1069-5834.
4. ^ Zhāng Kǒngzhāo 張孔昭 (c. 1784). Battle Classic: Essential Boxing Methods 拳經拳法備要 Quánjīng Quánfǎ Bèiyào (in Chinese).
5. ^ ^{a b} Kit, Wong Kiew (2002). Fine art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defence force Health and Enlightenment.
6. ^ Order of the Shaolin Ch'an (2004, 2006). The Shaolin Grandmaster's Text: History, Philosophy, and Gung Fu of Shaolin Ch'an. Oregon.
7. ^ "Shaolin Kung fu's Indian Connection".
8. ^ Broughton, Jeffrey L. (1999), The Bodhidharma Album: The Earliest Records of Zen, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-21972-4. pp. 8, 54–55.
9. ^ Canzonieri, Salvatore (Feb–March 1998). "History of Chinese Martial arts: Jin Dynasty to the Flow of Disunity". Han Wei Wushu. iii (nine).
10. ^ Wong, Kiew Kit (2002). The Fine art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Cocky-Defense Wellness and Enlightenment. Tuttle martial arts Boston, Mass. p. xiii.
11. ^ Wong, The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu, p. 19
12. ^ ^{a b c} Shahar, Meir (2008). The Shaolin Monastery: History, Religion, and the Chinese Martial Arts. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Printing. ISBN978-0824831103.
13. ^ Liu, James J.Y. (1967). The Chinese Knight Errant. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp. 87–88. ISBN0-2264-8688-5.
14. ^ ^{a b} Shahar, Meir (2000). "Epigraphy, Buddhist Historiography, and Fighting Monks: The Case of The Shaolin Monastery". Asia Major. 3rd Series. 13 (2): 15–36.
15. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} Shahar, Meir (December 2001). "Ming-Period Prove of Shaolin Martial Practice". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 61, No. 2. 61 (2): 359–413. doi:10.2307/3558572. ISSN 0073-0548. JSTOR 3558572. S2CID 91180380.
16. ^ Chéng Zōngyóu 程宗猷 (c. 1621). Exposition of the Original Shaolin Staff Method 少林棍法闡宗 Shàolín Gùnfǎ Chǎnzōng (in Chinese).
17. ^ Henning, Stanley (Autumn–Winter 1994). "Ignorance, Legend and Taijiquan" (PDF). Journal of the Chenstyle Taijiquan Enquiry Association of Hawaii. two (3): 1–seven. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 Feb 2011.
18. ^ Francis, B.K. (1998). Power of Internal Martial Arts: Gainsay Secrets of Ba Gua, Tai Chi, and Hsing-I. Due north Atlantic Books.
19. ^ Woolidge, Doug (June 1997). "T'AI CHI The International Magazine of T'ai Chi Ch'uan Vol. 21 No. iii". T'ai Chi. Wayfarer Publications. ISSN 0730-1049.
20. ^ Bishop, Marking (1989). Okinawan Karate: Teachers, Styles and Underground Techniques. A&C Black, London. ISBN0-7136-5666-2.
21. ^ "Shaolin kungfu". www.smooth.cn. Archived from the original on 30 April 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
22. ^ . ten December 2017 https://web.archive.org/spider web/20171210022437/http://www.mardb.com/cheena-di/. Archived from the original on x December 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2018. CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
23. ^ "Shorinji Kempo 50th Anniversary Commemoration". Archived from the original on 8 July 2006. Retrieved 25 May 2006.
24. ^ "China'southward State-level Friendship Award Given to Shorinji Kempo Group Chairperson". Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2006.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaolin_Kung_Fu

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